Art Through the Ages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Art Through the Ages - Essay Example Imagination should not only form the basis for understanding 19th century art in the context of political, technological and social changes, but it should also help in developing the ability to locate art work in history. It is crucial to consider the convictions, expectations and prejudices of the spectators and artists in art during this historical period. Style refers to the distinguishing manner of producing an artistic object and the way the spectators look at the object. Style is a historian’s extraordinary sphere. However, because of its subjective assessment, it is rarely used by historians. Style in art provides a useful tool for creating chronology. In art history inquiry, defining artistic style comprise a vital element. Several different types of style exist; regional, period and personal style2. Regional style refers to the usage of variations in style attached to geography. Like the object’s date, its place of origin and providence can determine its charac ter. Artwork from the same location but made ages apart can have similarities, unlike contemporaneous work from differing locations. For instance, a historian can differentiate Egyptian art from Mexican or Italian art made during the same age. Variations in the two sets of art exist, which make it possible to differentiate the artwork. Through regional style, art in the 19th century can be studied and used to show the ideas and aims of the artists in this period3. In 1820-1860, romanticism and naturalism came out through the work by Delacroix in Liberty Leading the People and in Rude and Corot’s work. Their work portrayed emotional reactions against neo-classicalism. These artists used nature, patriotism, supernatural, heroism and glorification of the past to show changes in politics, technology and social aspects of life. For instant, peasants were used to show that the society, during this time, was composed of peasants. This means that not many technological advances had b een made during this period. The emotional reactions against neo-classicalism also showed the political nature of 1820-1860s. The work by Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People, portrays the emotional hatred of neo-classicalism. The art also depicted the peasant workers in their farms or homes. The hatred of neo-classicalism and the peasant workers showed political resentment towards neo-classicalism and the lack of technological knowledge and application in daily duties. The work also portrayed hints of patriotism in people, especially in protecting themselves against neo-classicalism4. Realism followed by naturalism came out in 1850-1870s through the works of Daumier, Hogarth and Eiffel. During this period, art portrayed positivism based on facts and not emotions. Industrial progress had begun to take root during this period. Eiffel designed the Eiffel tower during this period. This signified an age of advancement because man thought of complex achievements. The industrial revoluti on resulted in changes, in the society, because people could afford food and luxuries after working in the industries. Artists like Eiffel who designed the Eiffel tower explored into the technological world by designing a complex structure that had technological complexities. The growing steel industry provided material for the construction of his design. This period did not witness much political skepticism as the people had a positive outlook of the political future. The industrial and technological development kept

Bromantes Architecture Represents the High Reneissance Essay Example for Free

Bromantes Architecture Represents the High Reneissance Essay Donato Bramante was born in 1444 to a poor farmer’s family. Bramante was a famous Italian painter and architect. He moved to the city of Milan in 1474, where the gothic style of buildings influenced his creations. The High Renaissance was a time in Italy and Rome that the artists were learning how to show perspective, and about anatomy. Donato D’ Angelo Bramante made his mark in the High Renaissance period. He inspired other architects to express themselves. Some of his works include the church of Santa Maria presso, the Tempietto, Santa Maria delle Grazie, the new St.   Peter’s church, and others (Catt, 2010). By 1499, the French occupation of Milan had forced Bramante to Rome. Taken up by the entourage of Alexander VI, he first designed the cloister of S. Maria della Pace (Bramante, Donato, 1994). In 1476 Bramante first greatest achievement was the church of Santa Maria presso San Satiro. It was built on commission by Duke Sfora that was dedicated to Saint Satyrus (biographybace, n. d. ). However, Bramante’s contributions are seen in the choir area that he remodeled. Bramante had used perspective painting to make it look larger than it really was. Using the art of illusion he made the choir seem to be three bays long, but the space did not actually exist. There was a wall that prevented Bramante from building the choir. So what you see actually is only one meter deep (Web Gallery of Art, n. d. ). â€Å"Italian architect and painter. He is best known as the greatest exponent of High Renaissance architecture. His first building, Santa Maria presso San Satiro in Milan (c. 481), use perspective to give an illusion of deeply receding space in the choir. In 1506, he started rebuilding St Peters, Rome. His influence was enormous, and many Milanese painters took up his interest in perspective and trompe loeil† Donato Bramante, (2008). The Tempietto was another one of Donoto Bromante’s great works. It is believed that this shrine was built on the site of St. Peter’s martyrdom. This piece was commissioned by King Ferdinand and Queen Is abella for this very reason (kleiner, 2010). The Tempietto was a small round temple at San Pietro in Montro, in Rome, and was build 1502. This piece of architecture is considered to be a masterpiece of High Renaissance (kleiner, 2010). The Essential humanities. net, calls it â€Å"the crowning jewel of High Renaissance† (2010 p3). His classical structure contains many elements such as; columns, a dome, drum, base, and a vault. This small design was Bramante’s â€Å"most harmonious building of the renaissance† (biographybase, n. d. , p. 1). â€Å"The Tempietto (1502) at S Pietro in Montorio, Rome. The small circular structure, erected as a martyrium to St Peter, is reminiscent of the temple of Sibyl at Tivoli, with its classical entablature carried on a Tuscan Doric colonnade and rich frieze of metopes and triglyphs. It was the first monument of the High Renaissance and established a prototype for sixteenth-century church design† (Bromate, donato 1987). One of Bromante’s early works in Milan was the church of Santa Maria delie Grazie. This building was started by another architect. The Santa Maria delie Grazie was a large church with long aisles. Bramante contributed to this work by adding the tribune to the east end. When Bramante went to Rome, he left this church unfinished (Web Gallery of Art, n. d. ). According to the text the old Saint Peter’s was falling apart and deeded much repair. Julius II chose Bramante to design and replace the Saint Peter’s church. The floor plan of the new Saint Peter’s church featured a cross â€Å"with arms of equal length, each terminating in an apse† (kleiner, 2010 p. 477par. 3). Julius II wanted the new church to serve as a memorial, to mark Saint Peter’s grave and have his own tomb in the church. Bramante’s plans were complex and extreme with intricate symmetries of a crystal. His plan showed none interlocking crosses in which five of them were supporting the domes. However, Bramante died in 1514, at the age of seventy, about the time the construction began (Nickerson, 2008). â€Å"Bramantes plan has been obscured by later work, though Michelangelo used as much of it as he could. What the interior would have looked like can be seen in Raphaels painting The School of Athens† (Bramante, Donato [1444 1514]. 1994). The works of Donato Bramante include the church of Santa Maria presso, the Tempietto, Santa Maris delie Grazie, the new St. Peter’s church, and others. Bramante’s works are divided into two time periods. The first period was spent in Milan, and the second was in Rome. In Milan, his work was decorative and picturesque. However, in Rome his work became more in the High Renaissance style (Sauer, 1907). He set the stage for artist in the High Renaissance, and his work with perspectives have been studied and copied today.

Price Discrimination In India And The Us Economics Essay

Price Discrimination In India And The Us Economics Essay Publishers have traditionally sold textbooks at different prices in different areas of the world. For example, a textbook that sells for $70 in the United States might sell for $5 in India. Although the Indian version might be printed in cheaper paper and lack color illustrations, it provides essentially the same information. Indian customers typically cannot afford to pay the U.S. price. Use the theories of price discrimination presented in this chapter to explain this strategy. The definition of price discrimination is the practice of charging different prices to various groups of customers that are not based on differences in the costs of production. In another word, a type product has been produced under same condition, same content, share the same cost, but it sells in different prices to different customers at different places, which in the context is the textbooks. Price discrimination normally happened in segmenting market that varying price elasticity or price sensitivity of demand. As in the context example, U.S. customers are segmented as inelastic market whereas India customers are elastic market. It explained that U.S. customers will purchase the textbooks even it charged in a higher price, however India customers might refuse or unaffordable to purchase the higher price textbooks. The purpose of price discrimination is to maximize the profit that has to do with consumer surplus. Consumer surplus is the difference between the total amount of money consumers are willing to pay for a product rather than do without and the amount they actually have to pay when a single price is charged for all units of the products. Refers to the Figure 1 below, the customer surplus is the area of P1AB. Q P Q1 0 P1 Demand A B Figure 1 As for the willingness to pay, the customers might not want to purchase the extra units of product where they think are not worth for it. Example, in India, there is plenty type of textbooks published by different publishers, why should the customers grab one of yours? Even your textbooks fit the customers wants, but the selling price might be too high for the customers that they think it does not worth that much for them to pay for. It is also the example of price elasticity in India market. Basically, there are three theoretical models of price discrimination first degree, second degree, and third degree price discrimination. For the context of textbooks selling in India and U.S. markets, it falls into the category of third degree price discrimination. Third degree price discrimination is the most common form of price discrimination, where firms separate or segment the markets according to the price elasticity of demand and charge a different price for each market. Of course, the firms is charging a higher prices in the most inelastic demand market, which is U.S. and sells in a lower price in India that the market is more elastic or price sensitive in demand. Since the U.S. market and India market has difference in elasticity and willingness to pay for the textbooks, the publisher segments the markets by charging U.S. market a higher price. Meanwhile, publisher charged a lower price in India market to increase or maximize its revenue. 0 Q1 Q2 U.S. market Quantity India market Quantity $ MC MR2 MR1 D2 D1 70 5 Figure 2On the other hand, if the publisher charged a higher price in India market as in U.S. market price, the India customers may unaffordable to purchase the textbooks or they are not willing to pay that much just for a textbook, where the textbook is not worth for what they are paying. Therefore, it would be a failure in India market if the publisher sells the textbooks in a high price as in U.S. market, which is shown in the Figure 2 based on the context example. In the Figure 2, the right side is the demand of U.S. market and on the left is the India market demand. In order to further explain why it would be a failure to charge higher price in India market, it is drawn to shows that if the publisher charge $70 abroad all the market as in U.S., there is no demand in the India market. In order to maximize the profit, the publisher has to lower the price as like marginal revenue equal to marginal cost (MC=MR2) for the India market. However, for the U.S. market that has the demand and the willingness to pay even in a higher selling price, it is an unwise decision to lower the textbooks selling price in U.S. market as what it charged in India market for the purpose of price standardization abroad. That is for sure the quantity in U.S. market will increase but it does not served the rules of profit maximization, where price at MC=MR1 should be charged in U.S. market that is $70. If the publisher decides to sell this textbook online, what problems will this present for the pricing strategy? How might the publisher respond? For the price discrimination segmented market, one problem need to be identified and managed by the firms, where the firms has to ensure or able to prevent the resale activity among the different groups of customers. Otherwise, the customers who are charged a lower price could be able to resell the product on hand to the customers who are in the higher price market segment. Hence, if the publisher is going to sell the textbook online, it will probably have to set a single price, where it is typically the high U.S. price. It is a safe precaution step for the publisher to set in a high price that to assume the customers who order online are affordable and willing to pay even in high price. However, it would means that it will lose the India market who may not afford to pay for a high price textbooks. On the other side, publisher might think of customization or product differentiation. For example, the publisher may amend the textbooks content such as the example in textbooks to use India currency, rupees instead of U.S. dollar. This India version can be sold together with the original U.S. version online with different pricing. One of the reasons is the India customers will feel more relevant to them that the example is in their currency and it can get in a cheaper price. However, the U.S. customers who has been charged for higher price would not tends to purchase the India version for a lower price as it is less relevant to their market and environment. Another method would be using the technology. With the use of technology, the publisher may set the different price for different market, where price discrimination could be worked online. First, publisher may need the online purchaser to register an account for purchasing, where the purchaser need to fill in their particular that includes the country or location where the purchaser are stayed in. With the information gathered, the publisher can links the different groups of purchasers who come from different country or markets into different online order page and purchase with different currency. Meanwhile, the publisher can also limit the delivery of textbooks to the origin country that the purchaser registered. For example, if the purchaser is from India, the delivery will only be made to India.

Entrepreuer :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Entrepreuer Entrepreneur, one who assumes the responsibility and the risk for a business operation with the expectation of making a profit, the entrepreneur generally decides on the product, acquires the facilities, and brings together the labor force, capital, and production materials. If the business succeeds, the entrepreneur reaps the reward of profits; if it fails, he or she takes the loss. Entrepreneurial leadership is vital to an individual and to a corporation?s success. Entrepreneurial firms are a major source of innovation and change. They create jobs, new tax revenues, and other transfers of money. At a time when U.S. productivity growth is lagging behind other countries, and when our large corporations are laying off workers and focusing on core businesses, entrepreneurial firms assume a more significant role; They do what large companies are not doing The process itself consists of the set of activities necessary to identify an opportunity, develop a business concept, and then manag e and harvest the venture. As a process, it has applicability to organizations of all sizes and types. The entrepreneurship construct has three underlying dimensions: innovativeness, or the development of novel or unique products, services or processes; risk-taking, or willingness to pursue opportunities having a reasonable chance of costly failure; and proactive ness, or an emphasis on persistence and creativity in overcoming obstacles until the innovative concept is fully implemented. In 1953 the US government created an independent agency called the Small Business Administration. Its functions are to make loans to small businesses unable to obtain financing from private sources on reasonable terms, to help small firms sell

Full Inclusion Ministry Paper

Albert attends the Brownsville Church of Christ children's ministry and has given the hurt a new insight to a full inclusion children's ministry program. The church within one year and five years will be implementing different ways in which to make full inclusion possible for the children's ministry as well as for the church. This paper will further discuss Cerebral Palsy and the affects that it has on Albert and his family, as well as detail about the church and their children's ministry.Overview of the Brownsville Chi arch of Christ The full inclusion ministry that I am proposing is at the Brownsville Church of Christ is a local church in my hometown of Brownsville, New York. The Brownsville Church was built in the late sass's, and was one of the first churches built in the area until the early sass's. The church was established by a group of Christians who came together as a small group of believers, which served the LORD through community worship. The group of believers whom esta blished the church worshipped together in a small barn that is right next to the church they had built.Brownsville is a small community, therefore, the church today consists of believers of all ages, while a great deal of attendees are elderly, their children, and grandchildren. Overall, the hurt is in a fragile state appearance wise; however, the church is a close knit family who welcomes everyone to attend and join their church family, to serve the LORD together. The Church is organized and ran by Minister Leon, and has been running it for the past 30 years with his wife Helena. Throughout the years, the church has acquired two assistance that help Minister Leon run the church, they are, Chris and Jill.The church services are convened often for those who are time restricted, they include Wednesday mornings at am, Thursday evenings at 6:30 to 7:30 pm, and Sundays from 1 0:10-1 1 am, and pm. Holiday church services are 2 hours, Good Friday from pm, Easter service is am, Christmas Ev e service pm, and Christmas Service from 9:00 am-9:45 am. The services encourage those to come together and celebrate the birth and life of our savior, Jesus Christ. All new members are always welcome, as well as for the holiday services.The purpose for which the church was established was in order for members to meet in a civilized place, and come together to serve the LORD, and honor the values that we as Christians are to uphold. Through coming together as a community, we are honoring God's ideas of uniting as group to worship, we re in turn worshiping and uniting as a community, a sense of family serving and honoring the LORD. Summary' of the Current Children's Ministry The Brownsville Church of Christ children's ministry is directed by Richard, who has been the director of the Children's Ministry and Sunday school program for 17 faithful years.There are currently meetings on Sunday mornings, with one evening meeting on Thursday's that is specifically for older children, and it provides them with a period where they can thoroughly discuss biblical readings and religion more effectively. The Sunday school has our lead teachers, with an assistant in the toddler and infant classroom. Miss Claire is the lead Sunday school teacher in the infant and toddler classroom, Miss Rebecca is the preschool teacher, Mr.. Joseph is the lead adolescent program teacher, and finally Mr.. Brad is the lead teacher for the teen program.There are also volunteers that assist on the weekend, and they are in the classrooms to provide assistance to lead teachers in the children's ministry. The lead teachers all work together to coordinate a primary theme for their lesson plans, this provides siblings the same educational discussions t the same time, while meeting the appropriate age level for each. This promotes comradely throughout the chi arch and families within the church, developing a closeness be;en all that attend, meeting the ideas brought upon society by God himself.Througho ut the Early Childhood Center, the children meet for the children's ministry, there are 4 large classrooms for teens, adolescence, preschool, and infant/toddlers. All Of the classrooms are all handicap accessible if needed, and also provide plenty of room for the children to run and play. The classrooms have been remodeled in recent years, and are bright and hurtful, with a great deal of colors to promote learning. Each classroom is decorated in religious sayings, and art work produced by the students themselves that promote religious worship.The educational opportunities that are taught are in regards to the LORD our savior, and promotes Christian values and encourages godly behavior to all students. The children all learn in a fun, meaningful, learning environment that provides children with a fun experience while learning about the bible. In the infant, toddler, and preschool classrooms they listen to a lot of religious songs on Cad's including Kids Praise and Veggie Tales. In th e young children classrooms, they do a lot of children's bible readings to ensure comprehension, and fun activities that are educational and have biblical meanings.While the young adolescence and teenagers do biblical readings, discussions, and reenact scenes in plays that are often acted out in front of the elders of the church. The overall ideal of the children's ministry is to teach children about the LORD, and encourage Christianity through fun activities, and interaction. Necessary Key Elements Volunteers The use of volunteers is critical to the success of the children's ministry, essentially, these volunteers provide a great deal of assistance to the lead teacher.While the lead teacher provide the important information and knowledge to encourage the learning process, the assistance can walk around and help the children who need help or are not doing well, essentially allowing more of the students to have a meaningful learning experience. This will provide all students with use ful knowledge that will be beneficial to them as they get older and closer to Christ. Volunteers are useful in the church in a variety of ways, including in the children's ministry.The ministry requests for volunteers that will help assist the program through putting out a list every weekend that is for upcoming volunteers for the following week, which helps to ensure there will be enough providers to care for students. The volunteers do a variety of things in the classroom, including assisting students who need help with an activity or with general care for children while they are in the classroom, to include: diaper changing, assisting to the bathroom, assist with hand washing, handing out snacks, and getting materials ready for the lead teacher.Overall the goal of paving volunteers as assistance in the children's ministry is to have extra hands and eyes in the classroom, and to allow the lead teacher to maintain focus on the classroom as a whole. Having the assistance also provid es more individualized attention, while also providing more eyes and ears in the classroom, which to ensure overall safety for all children. Training In order for volunteers or other people to become teachers at our children's ministry, everyone must undergo proper training in order ensure the safety to all children within the ministry; which includes training on proper care for hillier with special needs.The training for lead teachers include: a background check, Healthcare CPRM certification from the American Red Cross, and a basic health and safety training program. All lead teachers and volunteers will also be required to watch a video in regards to caring for children with special needs, and lead teachers will be required to get certification in teaching children with special health, physical, and/or educational needs. This training ensures that if a situation arises, the students will be taken care of appropriately and precautionary measures are met to ensure their overall hea lth and wellness, as well as the safety of others.For volunteers, the training is different, since they are on a voluntary basis; and because the lead teacher will always be in the classroom, the volunteers don't need as extensive of training. Therefore, the primary training for a volunteer is that they are certified with CPRM through the American Red Cross and verified that they are not a registered sex offender, and upon volunteering will provided a short introductory training course on children's health and safety.Generally, volunteers will be repeat volunteers, and Hereford, the training will ensure the volunteer is truly interested in the opportunity of working with children and promoting the word of God. Materials Albert is a boy within the children's ministry who is confined to a wheel chair and there are only steps currently at the building, and therefore, there should be wheel chair ramps at entrances to the building for Albert to enter. Along with these ramps there should also be an automatic door button for Albert to press in order for him to be able to open the door to the church and into the classrooms as well.Within the church it-self there should be ramps or even elevators for those who may not be able to use the stairs, such as Albert or other children and adults that may have difficulties walking up and down stairs. Within the classrooms themselves, the walk areas should be wide enough so that Albert and others can maneuver their wheel chairs though, and it is important to ensure that the aisles and pathways are kept clear of toys and any other objects.Located in the corner of the room is a spot for children who may have difficulties with balance or other limited difficulties with soft patted mats where they have the opportunity to interact with teachers or oleanders one on one. The table at which everyone is seated should be able to accommodate the needs of Albertan wheelchair, or have a chair in which there is capability for Albert to transi tion to from his wheelchair if he feels comfortable with. The playground itself should be handicap accessible, and have a few areas in which a child with disabilities are able to play with others without feeling separated from their peers.By ensuring the Albertan overall needs are met as a whole, the environment will be an overall positive experience for everyone involved, including Albert and Other children that ay have disadvantages in a typical environment. Albert and Information on his Disability Albert is an 8 year old boy who has been attending the Brownsville Church of Christ children's ministry for a little over 4 and a half years now with his family on a weekly basis. Albert is a very caring and sweet boy who always seems to have a smile on his face when someone speaks to him.Albert is a special little boy, who has special needs that require some assistance on a day to day basis due to his diagnosis of Cerebral palsy. When Albert was 2 years old he was diagnosed with cerebr al palsy due to having a severe case of induce as an infant that was left untreated, and caused severe hardship. His parents first noticed his delays in rolling over, sitting up, and crawling all being significantly delayed. Unfortunately, Albert was never able to walk and was provided a wheelchair to get around.Through severe physical therapy, Albert can take few steps on his own, however, because of his limited physical movement in his lower portion of his body, is confined to a wheel chair majority of his days. Another medical complication brought on by Cerebral Palsy is Albertan seizures, and can often come out of nowhere. However, Albert has taken daily medications for years, multiple times a day, and they are taken to control and/or cut back the seizures, and decrease the severity.The severity of Albertan Cerebral Palsy is classified as severe, as he has lost mobility and has severe seizures, as well as other internal damage that is due to the Cerebral Palsy. Although Albert i s confined to a wheel chair, he makes every attempt to be involved in activities that he typical peers are involved in. When play time arises there are always children who like to sit at the table with Albert and do guzzles, color, or simply read a book with him.Alberta communication skills aren't that of his typical peers, due to his developmental delays that are associated with his diagnosis of Cerebral Palsy; however, he makes great attempt to socialize with his peers, and communicate with those around him with verbal and nonverbal forms of communication. Albert doesn't allow his disability stop him from having a life, and living a life like his typical peers; he is very interested in being like others, and works hard every day of his life to meet his highest potential. Research of Cerebral PalsyEtiology Cerebral palsy was first discovered and brought about by an English orthopedic surgeon named â€Å"William Little in 1861† (Italic, A. & Lurch, H. , 2010). Since the disco very of cerebral palsy by Doctor Little, there have been many people who have been interested in studying this disease further to truly understand it. The International Journal of Nursing Studies states that â€Å"cerebral palsy is a non-progressive, neurological condition, resulting primarily from damage to or malformation of the developing brain† (McCullough, N. Parker,J Kerr, C. & McDowell, B. , 2013). The disease does to progress over the years, and will present with Symptoms that do not decline over the years, and is often diagnosed at an early age, typically before the age of 3. The disease can occur for a variety of reasons, to include: random mutations, maternal infections, prenatal complications, alcohol and drug use during pregnancy, fetal stroke, and lack of oxygen, infant infections, and traumatic head/brain injury such as shaken baby syndrome (Mayo Clinic).There is no way to prevent Cerebral Palsy, however, there are precautions that can be taken to decrease the risk of an infant developing Cerebral Palsy, o include: don't drink alcohol, smoke cigarettes, or do drugs during pregnancy, report domestic violence or child abuse, and/or see a doctor if you see signs of medical complications during pregnancy or infancy. According to Mayo Clinic, one Of the leading healthcare facilities in the country, the signs to watch for â€Å"during infancy or preschool years†.By taking precautions and monitoring your child at a young age, it would be more beneficial to have an early diagnosis, so that they can begin treatment to ensure a positive outcome. Prevalence In today's society, it is fairly common to meet an individual adult, child, or arena of a child with Cerebral Palsy. The prevalence has increased over the years, and now affect a great deal of children that are born today. It is common for one to know someone with or who has children with Cerebral Palsy, because of how common the disease is.According to The Gale Encyclopedia, it states tha t â€Å"approximately 8,000 babies and infants are diagnosed with the condition each year† (Poplin, S. , Caret, F. , Lour, L. , & Labeler, M. 2011). Cerebral palsy can have many different symptoms in which parents need to kick for in order for their children to be diagnosed with this disorder. Although Cerebral palsy can be mild for most children there can be more severe forms in which can lead to more serious complications.Characteristics Characteristics of Cerebral Palsy can present itself in a variety of ways, and some like most diseases, the characteristics of Cerebral palsy can often be more severe for one patient, than it can be with another. While there are some characteristics that are definite between each patient, the overall symptoms depend upon the severity of the disease present. Cerebral palsy can impact the body in many different ways, including it can cause delays or impairment of a person's health and wellness, physical ability, intellectual abilities, commun ication, vision, and hearing.Cerebral Palsy can affect the entire body in a variety of ways, and the symptoms may become more apparent over time, as a child gets older. In general, cerebral palsy causes impaired movement associated with exaggerated reflexes, floppiness or rigidity of the limbs and trunk, abnormal posture, involuntary movements, unsteadiness of walking, or some combination of these† ( mayo clinic). The characteristics can dramatically affect a child's overall ability to function at a appellatively appropriate age level, and can often require intense therapies and treatment to live a generally normal lifestyle.According to Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, † other impairments are associated with cerebral palsy which are hip dislocation, displacement and spine deformities, sleep disorders, excessive drooling, bladder and bowel control complaints, and behavior difficulties† (McIntyre, S. , Morgan, C. , Walker, K. , & Novak, 1. , 2011). Altho ugh cerebral palsy can cause a variety of impairments on different areas throughout the body, not everyone experiences all of these symptoms.These symptoms can be mild to severe and may not occur at all in some cases, and present themselves significantly different in each person. Prognosis Because of growing technology, the prognosis for Cerebral Palsy is good. In recent years, there was a great deal of studies conducted helped to understand the disease and ultimately find a means of treatment that provides a better quality of life. The quality of life is overall better and a decreased death rate because of medications and treatments, however, a life with cerebral palsy will still require various appointments, therapy, testing, dedications, and treatments.Although cerebral palsy is a Nan-progressive disease, it can feel as though it worsens as a child ages, because the necessary requirements increase in order to stay as healthy as possible. However, the overall prognosis of a child with cerebral palsy depends upon the severity of the case. While the overall prognosis for mild Cerebral Palsy is good, with severe progression of the disease, there is a chance of the prognosis to become fatal. Generally though, with treatment of the symptoms, the patient has a great chance Of survival.According to The Lancet, â€Å"if all impairment domains re not severe, survival is only marginally less than that of individuals without cerebral palsy. If severe impairments are present, then life expectancy is reduced approximately in proportion to the number and severity of associated impairments† (Solver, A. , Farthest, C. , & Pharaoh, P. , 2014). Current Research One research was done to see if the health of children with cerebral palsy changes within a long period of time or whether it stays the same.In this study there were 156 children who had participated within this study. Within this study the parents of the children are asked to answer 50 questions which re based upon different areas of their children functioning areas. The results had shown that there are numerous reasons why health can change over time. It states that â€Å"in this study we relied on parent report of health status, and it may be that children would have reported a different view of their health status than that of their parents. Relation to monitoring the health of children with ambulant cerebral palsy, nurses need to be aware that several factors – motor function, age and communication abilities are associated with changes in health status over time† (McCullough, N. , Parker, J. , Kerr, C. & McDowell, B. , 2013). Although parents had answered questions about different areas of their children's overall areas of growth there are also other areas of development that can affect the way in which can affect health as well. It would be impossible to determine a child has Cerebral Palsy just by looking at them, therefore, it is essential to conducting testing.Social Dynamics Social dynamics is truly a significantly important part of any child's overall growth and development. Through maintaining positive healthy relationships, it helps create a healthy balance in a child's life. Colonization is something hat should be valued in a child's life and children should be encouraged often to socially interact with other children, in order to develop healthy social skills. Disorders of Childhood: Development and Psychopathology believe that peer relationships â€Å"serve as rich settings for constitutional learning (Parity, R. , & Troy, M. P. 22, 2014). However, quite often, children with cerebral palsy may have communication or other impairments that may often make their social dynamics more difficult than their typical peers. It is vital to healthy development, to promote social growth and development; therefore, through he encouragement, the child will more likely develop better social skills through parental and educators guidance. One common mea ns for encouraging social dynamics is to provide students with group activities or class discussions that requires social interaction amongst one another.As an educator or volunteer in the classroom, the primary goal is to ensure that students are interacting with one another and that not one child is being treated poorly or left out; therefore, as a teacher you are able to foster social relationships in the classroom and to intervene if necessary. Partnership Of Church, Family & School PIE/IFS Goal 1: Although Albert is confined to his wheel chair most of his days, Albert will work with his volunteer for 10 minutes per day. For most of Albertan life he has been confined to a wheel chair and has been going to physical therapy week for 5 years.Recently he has made huge strides and is now able to stand up to 10 minutes; and through continuing the work that is done at therapy, he will be able to make big endeavors in the future. Therefore, it would be beneficial to provide Albert the o pportunity to work with his volunteer on his ability to stand with assistance. PIE/IFS Goal 2: Due to Albertan limited abilities to communicate because of his disability he tends to have frequent outburst of screaming because he is not able to communicate with others.Albert will focus on communicating more with teachers and peers at least 50% of the time within the classroom. Due to Albert having cerebral palsy this has left him with limited abilities to communicate with others around him. Albert tries to very hard both verbally and non-verbally to communicate with everyone although at times he becomes frustrated and upset. This causes Albert to have outburst and begin o scream due to not being able to communicate with others. This PIE goal will help Albert to work on his communication skill with his teachers and peers in order to have more positive outcomes.Everyone will work together in order to ensure that the number of outbursts that Albert is having because of frustration will be reduced. PIE/IFS Goal 3: Albert is currently delayed in his writing abilities due to his disability. Albert will continue to work with his teacher and parents to achieve a 60% increase in his writing abilities at the end of the year. This goal of encouraging Albert to improve his writing will help him to intention progressing at the rate of his peers. Currently, Albert is severely delayed and has complications with his writing abilities at school, and is in the second grade with first grade writing abilities.The delay is due to his fine motor skills impaired from the disease Cerebral Palsy; therefore, to improve his writing abilities, it would be imperative to work on his pencil grip and coordination and encourage writing in and outside of his classrooms and therapies often. PIE/IFS Goal 4: Albert will be able understand more about his religion and eventually have a personal relationship with God. Albert wants to have a deep connection to God, but sometimes ask why God would make him born with an illness like Cerebral palsy.He has the faith and wants to understand, therefore, by providing him with the knowledge he needs in regards to God and the creation of illnesses being separate would be beneficial to his growing religious beliefs. The goal is to educate Albert on the LORD's ability to cure illness, and how if this was possible, it would be done. It is important to provide Albert with the knowledge that we are all created beautiful unique individuals, and we are all beautiful in our own individual says. 2 Corinthians 5†³7 â€Å"For we walk by faith, not by sight† (ESP.).We must have faith and hope in our savior, and recognize that we cannot see all the work he does for us. Plan for Growth of the Ministry One Year In one year in the children's ministry, it would be beneficial to add in a wheel chair ramp in the front of the church to help those with disabilities enter the building without possibility of injury. The second goal for the church i n order to grow the children's ministry would be to ensure the playground is handicap friendly and accessible, as it is currently is not completely handicap accessible, there are areas with mulch that can impair the wheelchairs ability to maneuver appropriately.The last goal for the first year in order to grow the church ministry would be to widen all the doorways throughout the building, to ensure that wheelchairs can get through the doors without struggle. In order to fulfill the needs of the church the first year, the church would be required to get volunteers to do work and to have fundraisers for the equipment that is needed in order to improve the overall church and the children's ministry. Five Year Five year goals to achieve would be to create a summer camp for all hillier to attend, including children with special educational, physical, or medical needs.This would encourage full inclusion, while allowing children who are often not able to attend camps with typical peers, th e ability to be in a full inclusion setting. The church also would benefit from adding an evening support group for parents of children with special needs that would allow families to support one another through their difficult times. Another goal for future changes for the church would be to add a full inclusion Christian based preschool for children to attend from 0-5 years old, and would teach children n education that is centered on religion and the early childhood education standards.Conclusion The children's min sister that is being proposed at the Brownsville Church of Christ, and is a church that is in a small town in New York. The goal is to provide a children's ministry that is handicap capable and is able to meet the needs of special needs students. The church currently doesn't have handicap accessibility to enter the building, and could easily scare off a person or family with someone with physical disabilities. In order to promote a well-rounded program that encourages children or adults with disabilities to get involved in heir community and to do work for the LORD.

Brazil Government Essay

Brazil entered the new millennium mired in economic difficulties. Macroeconomic conditions will have a great influence on political stability, what kinds of laws are passed, the ability of businesses to succeed, the pace at which new technology is used, the availability of jobs, and on incomes, poverty and crime. Brazil is a constitutional republic of federated states, the federal districts, and territories. This present constitution was proclaimed in October 1988, replacing a 1969 document. The states of Brazil have their own government with the powers in all matters not specifically reserved for the Brazilian government. The 1988 constitution abolished the national Security Law, which had been used to stifle political disagreement; outlaws torture. The National Security Law provided for various forms of popular voting, initiatives, and referendums; forbids virtually all forms of censorship; guarantees privacy rights and extends the right to strike to all workers. The military retains its power to intervene in the political system to preserve law and order. Brazil has long been recognized for its large population, great natural resources, bold ideas and potential for growth. It has made progress in economic adjustment over the last several years, opening trade, reducing inflation, succeeding with privatization and garnering investor confidence. However, there have been concerns inside and outside of the country about government finances and especially public pensions, political stability and political will, vulnerability to international economic and financial developments and to the return of high inflation, relatively low investment in export industries, and the social and political consequences of income inequality. Several studies on Brazilian public opinion towards this country’s vulnerability and its domestic stability prove there is consensus that vulnerability is an impeding factor to the country’s aspiration to a more strategic place among the world powers. The Brazilian elite views the interests of their country and those of the U. S. as essentially incompatible. During the Expansion of 1600’s, Gold was discovered. Brazil’s other natural resources are bauxite, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, platinum, tin, uranium, petroleum, hydropower, and timber. General Electric is among the many powerful transnational corporations and UE employers with factories in Brazil. Economy overview is possessing large nd well-developed agricultural, mining, manufacturing and service sectors, Brazil’s economy outweighs that of all other South American countries and is expanding its presence in world markets. The maintenance of large current account deficits via capital account surpluses became problematic as investors became more risk averse to emerging market exposure as a consequence of the Asian financial crisis in 1997 and the Russian bond default in August 1998. After crafting a fiscal adjustment program and pledging progress on structural reform, Brazil received a $41. billion IMF led international support program in November 1998. In January 1999, Brazilian Central Bank announces that the real would no longer be pegged to the US dollar. This devaluation helped moderate the downturn in economic growth in 1999 that investors had expressed concerns about over the summer of 1998, and the country posted moderate GDP growth. Economic growth slowed considerably in 2001-2002 to less than 2% because of a slowdown in major markets and the hiking of interest rates by Central Bank to combat inflationary pressures. Poor economic conditions may lead to resistance to external cultural influences, while improvement may mean greater acceptance of practices associated with success in other nations and more interaction with cultures that differ in behavior or values. Economic recovery and growth may ease the difficulties of restructuring business and public affairs and opening markets to competition. It may lead to more trade and foreign investment, and a greater role for Brazil in the region and the world. Alternatively, crises may be the catalysts for change and adaptation to a changing world. The international debt crisis of the early l980s led multinational agencies, the governments of wealthy nations, and a growing number of poorer nations to adopt a reform agenda intended to restore economic stability, restart growth, reduce debt to manageable proportions, and restructure economies to reduce their vulnerability and improve prospects for sustained growth. This international reform agenda expanded dramatically in the course of the l980s and l990s. At the beginning of the debt crisis, attention focused on macro-economic stabilization measures. That initial task was quickly expanded to include structural changes regarded as essential to restore growth and reduce debt. John Williamson’s 1989 summary of the Washington Consensus listed, in addition to fiscal, monetary, and exchange rate measures, reforms to reduce government intervention and permit markets to function more effectively, including trade and financial liberalization, increased receptivity to foreign direct investment, deregulation, and privatization. These structural changes mostly entailed dismantling government regulations and restrictions on private economic transactions. The closest the Consensus came to more complex institutional reforms was the rather tentative inclusion, as the very last item, of property rights protection. Williamson noted that this was intended to signal recognition that institutional features were also important determinants of growth. By l989 the World Bank was beginning to use a broader concept, â€Å"creation of an enabling environment [for effective markets]. Williamson remarked that concept might be preferable, but it remained largely undefined. More than a decade later, at the beginning of the new century, the reform agenda has ballooned to include a broad array of institutional reforms, and to emphasize poverty reduction as well as growth and stability. Responsible macro-economic management and reduced state intervention in the economy remain crucial, but they are now viewed as far from sufficient for growth and poverty reduction. Reform of the state itself, including the civil service, the police, the system of justice, and reduced corruption are part of the essential â€Å"enabling environment. † Social sector reforms in pensions, health and education, as well as far-reaching changes in labor markets and industrial relations are also squarely on the expanded international agenda. These further reforms are much more demanding than the initial agenda: they require not merely the dismantling of regulations, tariffs, and subsidies but fundamental changes in the design and operations of core public functions and institutions. The Brazilian society is divided in those who approve Cardoso’s programs of stabilization and reforms, and those who favor a rather ‘desarrollista’ (developmental) kind of policy. Those who blame the government and those who blame the opposition for the failure in adopting the reforms needed to avoid the financial crisis regionally, neighboring countries agreed upon Brazil’s high performance in industry, trade, new investments and competitiveness, but their evaluation of Brazil’s ability to guarantee economic and political stability were rather low. In contrast, the Brazilian public opinion proved much more confident concerning this matter. When the analysis of the public opinion takes into account structural factors, long-term policy results and a rather contemporary perception of competitiveness, it excludes short-term populist expectations, paternalistic and contradictory demand and any resentful mood concerning the international context and the globalized economy. The politics of economic reforms have been much analyzed over the past two decades. The question of what political capacities and institutional arrangements are key to effective reforms has been one major focus of attention. During the l970s and l980s there was an on-going debate between those who asserted that only authoritarian governments could sustain sufficient macro-economic discipline to manage economies effectively, and those who challenged that view. By the late l980s, it was quite clear that broad generalizations about types of regimes — democracies versus authoritarian systems — were far too crude to offer useful generalizations and explanations. A much narrower version of the old debate persisted, however, in the effort to determine whether effective economic reforms required considerable concentration of executive authority and power (within the framework of more or less democratic as well as authoritarian systems). Party leader Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva (known universally as Lula), will stick to his recent promises of honoring outstanding contacts. Lula inherited an economy in shambles. Working people suffered as the former government carried out neoliberal policies, including privatization and cutbacks in social programs. Two million people are unemployed in Sao Paolo alone, the most industrialized region in Brazil, with 1. 5 million young people entering the labor force each year. Lula’s government decided to continue neoliberal monetary policies to reassure business and encourage investment. The results have helped regain economic stability: the value of bonds has increased from 38 to 90 percent of their face value, meaning that far less is spent on public debt. Banks lowered Brazil’s risk assessment. Credit lines are back and new lines of credit are open. But these results reflect decisions by the government to maintain high interest rates and prioritize growth over income distribution at least in the short run. At the time of the CUT congress, the new government’s most controversial proposal aimed at cutting retirement payments to higher-paid public employees, averting bankruptcy of the system and moving towards an equalization of public and private benefits. This is essentially a proposal from the old government. Default is inevitable, and should be undertaken by Lula as soon as possible, because delaying default simply increases Brazil’s liabilities. Brazil’s ratio of debt to gross domestic product, even after more than $100 billion of privatization proceeds, has doubled since Fernando Henrique Cardoso became president in 1994, from about 30 percent to 58 percent today – a figure that is climbing as the Brazilian real declines. Of this debt, approximately 20 percent is international (after the country’s foreign exchange reserves have been netted out), of which half is owed to the international financial institutions. In addition, a very large portion of Brazil’s debt is greatly increased in cost by economic turmoil. Forty percent of total debt is denominated in dollars, so increases as a percentage of GDP when the Brazilian real drops in value against the dollar. An additional 37 percent of debt is linked to the Selic overnight money market rate, so becomes very expensive when, as for most of the last 8 years, uncertainty raises domestic interest rates. A further 8 percent of Brazil’s total debt is inflation-linked, so has been a â€Å"good deal† for the country in the last eight years but could become very expensive if the country returns to hyperinflation. Brazil’s public debt over the 1994-2001 period was 16. 1 percent a year, and the projected real interest rate on Brazil’s public debt for 2002 is 21 percent. If interest rates remain at these levels, the debt will become unmanageable, rising above 100 percent of GDP in 2006-2009, and spiraling thereafter, if policy remains as at present. Brazil’s balance of payments would also be a problem, because public debt is 4 times the level of the country’s export earnings. The government’s economic policy in 1994-2002 has followed IMF recommendations closely, and been fairly restrictive, with the primary budget surplus (before interest payments) in the range of 3 percent to 4 percent of GDP, although in Cardoso’s first term, 1994-98, budgetary policy was less tight, with only a small primary surplus. The first popularly elected president in Brazil in 30 years, Fernando Collor de Mello took office on March 15, 1990. In September 1992, Collor was impeached by the lower house of the Brazilian legislature on charges of corruption. In December 1992, Collor resigned as president of Brazil, and the Brazilian Senate convicted him of the corruption charges. There needs to be a change in Brazilians’ elite mentality of entitlement and privilege – in detriment of the nation’s general good. This mentality was inherited from colonial times. Brazilian society is very corrupt and stratified. Each class defends very specific and sometimes conflicting interests, dismissing what is best for the country as a whole. This will take time to change and until it does, the country won’t live up to its potential. Brazil will only have a bright future when its basic needs such as health and education and issues such as social inequality and wealth concentration are dealt with in a continuous and serious manner. In Brazil, the role of government is much more intrusive than in the United States. This is not only a matter of taxation, but also in legal organization and in the regulatory role. In small and medium businesses, this aspect is less evident. In large-scale foreign investment situations, a close personal official relationship is fundamental. Lobbying by large corporations and trade groups is even more aggressive than in U. S. Government contracts are often awarded according to relationships and connections rather than pure technical or financial merit. This is a result of the paternalistic, nepotistic culture that has existed for hundreds of years. Brazil has one of the most complex systems of tax law in the world, which consequently makes Brazilian goods more expensive because companies pay more taxes than in other countries. Brazil’s overall tax burden is equivalent to 30% of the country’s gross domestic product, while neighboring countries such as Chile and Argentine have a tax burden equivalent to 15% and 20% of gross domestic product respectively. Experts say that due to the high tax rates, tax evasion is estimated to be 30% of the total revenue. The Brazilian government is seeking a constitutional change that would simplify the country’s tax system and so make Brazilian goods more competitive internationally. Pedro Parente, executive secretary at the Finance Ministry said the government plans to propose a constitutional amendment to eliminate taxes on industrialized products, a state value-added tax, a city tax on services and two types of social contributions. It place of all that, the government would like to impose a nationwide value-added tax, state and city consumer taxes and an excise tax on a select list of products as well as remove value-added taxes on goods for export. To change the tax system, the government must amend the constitution, which requires approval by two- fifths of both lower and upper houses of Congress in two voting rounds. New president DA SILVA, who took office January 1, 2003, has given priority to reforming the complex tax code, trimming the overblown civil service pension system, and continuing the fight against inflation. Tax revenues were indexed to inflation but many government expenditures were not. Salaries were frozen; basic goods were only chilled down a bit. Government spending far exceeded income, so inflation worked as a mechanism to hide the sins of the federal government. For most of the latter half of the 20th century, inflation has been a way of life for the Brazilians. Basically this was a tax imposed on the poor, allowing government to spend freely. It has been for more than four decades a primary source of public sector financing. In short, different kinds of reforms pose quite different political challenges, for reasons intrinsic to the character of the reforms themselves. The fact that late-stage reform agendas concentrate on complex institutional reforms helps to explain why the pace of reform in most countries almost always slows substantially after initial stages. To move beyond the broadest generalizations regarding the politics of economic reform and the capacities required to promote them, the concept of reform itself must be taken apart. Different kinds of reforms pose quite different political challenges. Even the different phases of any specific reform entail different political tasks and demand different tactics and capacities. Discussions of the politics of reform often fail to recognize these variations. Many economists used to B and some still do B talk about â€Å"political will† on the part of top-level leaders as the necessary and sufficient requirement for effective reform. Some of the metaphorical language used in discussions of reform convey a similar message: â€Å"bite the bullet†, â€Å"just do it. That implicit image of the reform process may roughly describe a single-shot devaluation decision. But it is clearly very misleading for more complex measures. Recognizing the varied character and political challenges of different reforms, and the tendency for complex institutional changes to be late and slow are first steps toward understanding why some kinds of reforms move faster than others, and why the pace of reforms tend to slow down almost everywhere. At the far end of the spectrum are systemic reforms in the major social services, primarily education and health care finance and delivery. Multiple models are available, influenced by very different national and regional traditions and histories. More important, there is only limited consensus among technical specialists regarding basic principles of reform. Experts argue bitterly over the merits of, say, single-payer health care systems or charter schools. They agree only very partially on the principles that should guide the degree and design of privatization or decentralization. Therefore, public debate regarding the design and priorities of reform tends to be diffuse and inconclusive. Even after initial agreement is reached regarding social service reforms, implementing them is extremely complex. Executive agencies and legislatures at national, state, and local levels are usually involved. Reforms intended to increase efficiency and save money in the long-run may nonetheless have high up-front costs. Not only the Ministry of Finance but often sub-national financial authorities must concur. Many social sector reforms require years to implement. A great deal of detailed information is required to fine-tune design of successive steps. Much of that information is not available without new arrangements to gather it. All of these complications are reinforced by the fact that, even where there is widespread dissatisfaction with the status quo, postponing action does not carry obvious and prompt risks. The varied character of different reforms — availability or absence of a consensus model or clear parameters for debate, timetable, number and variety of actors, information requirements, apparent costs of delay — shape the political challenges. If many actors must co-operate to put a reform into effect, any one of them can weaken or stop the reform. In other words, there are many potential veto actors. Decisions taken by the executive run high risks of being blocked in the legislature or sabotaged in the course of implementation. Moreover, the large number of actors increases transaction and enforcement costs. If implementation takes many years, there are many potential veto opportunities. The length of time required to get most complex institutional reforms up and running also means that the benefits of the reforms may not become apparent for some time. Therefore it may be hard to mobilize pro-reform coalitions to counter opposition from vested interests, which are likely to resist from the outset. Information requirements also affect the course of reform. Lack of information may stall action; new information may alter perceptions and reopen debates. Complex institutional reforms are the result of an extended process, not an event. The process is subject to stops and starts; issues regarded as closed may be re-opened and steps already taken may need to be repeated. The process is not linear, but iterative. The varied characteristics of different kinds of reforms also suggests why reforms in some sectors have made much more progress than others, in cross-national perspective. For example, far-reaching pension reforms have been adopted in many more countries, in and beyond Latin America, than have introduced similarly basic changes in education or health care systems. In conclusion, I believe that International Widgets will find that Brazil would be a great place to open shop (do new business). Brazil’s future is largely in it’s own hands. With there constitutional tax reform there are many changes which in turn will enhance social rights such a job stability, foreign and national capital enterprise, and several other areas pertaining to basic human rights. Brazil risks serious setbacks and instability if it fails to proceed with reform. Inflation, government spending and foreign investment has remained stable. There was general agreement on the need for policy changes. International pressures will help Brazil to make difficult but necessary choices. There was strong agreement that Brazil would benefit from becoming more international in its business relationships. Nearly all believed Brazil needed to expand its export industries. However, three out of four felt that Brazil was highly vulnerable to international economic and financial disruptions. Doing more to deal with social issues now is important to maintain stability so growth can proceed. Brazil’s economy will soon recover from its recession. -Brazilians believed that Brazil’s economy will be more stable in the future and so do I. Brazil will continue to have to strike a difficult balance between budget cutting and other policies to promote economic growth and addressing social issues. Domestic stability, in a context of vulnerability to external shocks resulting from globalized factors, is distinctively credited to political, economic and demographic processes whose outcomes can only be expected to occur in the long run. A transition towards a more pragmatic, pedestrian view of politics and politicians is emerging and a highly demanding electorate should be expected to voice new interests and needs.